The Deck Handbook Part 2: Domestic Wood for Decks
The Deck Handbook - Contents Click to select another page
Part 1: Introduction to Decks
Part 2: Domestic Wood for Decks
Part 3: Exotic and Imported Wood Decks
Part 4: Composite and Plastic Decks
Part 5: Railings, Lighting, Pergolas and Seating
Part 6: Staining, Sealing and Maintaining Your Deck
Part 7: The (Almost) Maintenance Free Deck

Printable view.

There are some restrictions on
reprinting this article. Please see
Reprints for more information.

Adobe Reader required. Click
here to download Adobe Reader.
Wood is by far the most popular material for decks. Wood decks can be created in an endless variety of tones and patterns, and modern sealing products ensure they will last for many years with regular, routine maintenance.

Classic Wood Deck Three-Level Western Red Cedar wood deck makes effective use of a sheltered corner of a house in the Lincoln Near South area. Homeowners face a wide range of choices when planning a wooden deck. Some wood products are extremely costly – particularly tropical hardwoods. Others, while inexpensive, may require more maintenance than most homeowners prefer.

When planning your deck, it makes sense to use more expensive wood where it will show, and less expensive materials for concealed structural members. For example, It is typical to use relatively inexpensive pressure-treated pine for structural members and more expensive exotic woods for the decking and railings. Some designs go one step farther and use a less costly wood for the decking, and highlight the railings and fascia with more attractive materials.

Domestic Wood for Decks
Wood used in decks must be rot-resistant. If it is not naturally resistant to decay, it must be treated to make it so.

Southern yellow pine is the most common treated wood used in the U.S. The treatment varies (and some treatments work better than others), but generally a chemical that bugs cannot eat is pressure infused for a few millimeters into the wood to make them resistant to rot and decay. Since the chemical does not go all the way through the board, if it is cut or ripped, the newly exposed untreated surface must be treated on site before the board is used.

Alternative Wood Treatments
Metals like copper and arsenic are not the only treatments that make common pine much more resistant to rot and insect damage.

Photo: TimberSIL® Products. Glass Wood
One alternative process uses glass in the form of sodium silica as the preservative. This product is TimberSIL® which was recently rated by Consumer Reports as the best wood for decks. The sodium silica, rescued from agricultural waste, completely surrounds and protects the wood fibers making this a long lasting wood product, resistant to rot, decay and insects. TimberSIL® is also stronger, harder, and more insu­p;lating than untreated wood, and unlike traditionally treated woods, is non-toxic, non-corrosive, does not need special fasteners or exotic tools, and is a Class A Fire retardant — the same rating as concrete.

At present the only wood being treated is the traditonal deck wood, Southern Yellow Pine (SYP), but the manufacturer promises that other types of wood will be available in the not to distant future.


Builders and remodelers who hve used the material have started calling it "super wood", which must make the manufacturer very happy — and this description is not far off. The producer warranties the product for 40 years. It is not yet, however, the perfect deck wood.

The glass used to protect the wood from deterioration does not include an effective ultraviolet (UV) barrier. So glass wood, like any unsealed wood, will fade to gray over time. How to protect the wood from UV deterioration is a problem. Wood sealants cannot penetrate the glass coating so they won't work unless the glss coating is removed — which defeats the whole purpose of having the glass coating in the first place. Eventually this company will figure out how to add UV protection to glass wood so that it does not need sealing. It's the next logical step. And we think we will wait for that evolution before using the product extensively for decks. In the meantime, expect your glass wood deck to turn gray. (To learn how modern wood sealants protect wood from (UV) damage, see The Deck Handbook: Part 6: Staining, Sealing and Maintaining Your Deck.)

At about three times the cost of ACQ Treated Yellow Pine, TimberSIL® is not an economy product, and it is not at all certain that the slightly reduced maintenance of the material justifies the extra cost of this very new material. Consumer Reports still rates treated Yellow Pine as the best overall value in wood decks (as of July 2010), and we agree — so far. But it would not take much improvement in TimberSIL® for us to change our minds. For more information, see Timbersillwood.com.
The untreated native American woods most commonly used in decks are Western Red Cedar, Redwood and Cypress. Redwood is expensive, increasingly scarce and a very, very un-"Green" material. More common in California, it is rapidly being supplanted by imported tropical woods such as Ipe. Cypress is in the same category. The large Cypress swamps native to Florida and Georgia have been largely harvested. Much of the cypress now on the market comes from salvaging and cutting logs buried in swamps were they have been immersed in water for many years — difficult and expensive work which is reflected in the price of quality Cypress wood. This leaves Western Red Cedar (WRC) which is still relatively abundant and available from just about any lumber store. It is naturally decay resistant and with proper maintenance will last as long as 25 years. It is now the preferred natural wood in the Midwest for decks.

Treated Pine
By far he most wood most commonly used for decks is pressure-treated pine. Industry analysts report that more than 70% of all decks in the U.S. are treated pine. So if you are planning a pine deck, you are in good company. Even if another wood is used for the visible portions of a deck, you can bet the house that the structure underlying all of that pretty wood is plain old pine.

Treated Pine Deck The new pressure-treated pine results in more attractive decks that are brown rather than green. The trade off is that pine treated with the new, safer processes requires special corrosion-resistant fasteners. Pine is not naturally a decay-resistant wood. Exposed to the elements, pine will decay to uselessness in about two years. To make is more resistant, the surface of a pine board is infused with a chemical solution containing copper. The former standard treatment containing copper and arsenic (Chromium Copper Arsenate or CCA) is no longer used. The trade-off however is that pine boards treated with the new technology — Alkaline Copper Quaternary or (ACQ), Copper Boron Azole Type A (CBA-A) or Copper Azole Type B (CA-B) — contain so much more copper that they corrode steel nails and screws very quickly. Special coated fasteners must be used these days to build treated pine decks. But one nice feature of the new treated "greenboard" is that it is no longer green. The new boards are usually a more attractive "brownish" color.

The reasonable life expectancy of the exposed boards in a treated pine deck is between 25 and 50 years with regular maintenance. This is quite a step up from the 10-15 years that used to be the case — an indication of how far we have come with wood treatment and preservative stains. Structural boards (more sheltered from the elements) will last quite a bit longer. This all depends, of course, on proper sealing and maintenance. New sealants can last 5 years or more before recoating is required. But once the wood has started to deteriorate no amount of resealing will help. Which is shy the sealant barrier needs to be carefully maintained.

Joists, beams, posts and stair stringers which are important for structural integrity require pressure treated pine in most localities. Deck flooring boards, railings and other non-structural parts of a deck may be made of other woods, composite materials or vinyl. These elements do not have to be as strong. Most composite and vinyl manufacturers stress that their materials are non-structural. This means that the newel post, deck post or beam that you see that looks like composite or vinyl is probably pressure treated pine wrapped in composite or vinyl for appearance. Railing balusters or spindles can be made of manufactured materials because they are considered non-structural although they do have to be strong enough to prevent people from crashing through them.

The Cedars
Of the native woods, the cedars are arguably the most beautiful wood for decks. The rich grain and color of the natural wood make the material a prime choice where appearance is important.

Dimensionally stable, the wood lays flat and is less prone to warp and twist than treated pine. It stains evenly and holds stain well. The natural oils in the heartwood of cedar are non-toxic to humans and pets, but discourage insect attack and slow decay due to exposure. This account for the wood's reputation as slow to deteriorate. However, much of the cedar harvested today comes from smaller, younger trees that are mostly sapwood. Sapwood has no such protection, and in fact decays about as quickly as pine unless sealed and maintained. So don't look on today's cedar deck as a low maintenance investment. It requires about the same attention as treated pine.

The cedar most commonly used in decks is Western Red Cedar ("WRC") (Thuja Plicata), also known as Giant Arborvitae, Western Arborvitae, Giant Red Cedar, Pacific Red Cedar, Shinglewood, and Canoe Cedar. A member of the Cypress family, WRC is a commercial wood, harvested on the slopes of the Continental Divide in huge quantities and available at almost any home center or lumber yard. In most of the country, this is the only cedar readily available.

Janka Hardness
Janka hardness is a good indication of how well a wood species will resist denting and wear over time. For flooring and decking, dent resistance is particularly important.

The test measures the dent resistance of wood by determining the force required to push a 0.444 inch diameter steel ball into a block of clear wood to a depth of 1/2 the ball's diameter. In the U.S., the result is stated as pounds/force (lbf) needed, usually in the form "xxxx janka". For example the hardness of southern yellow longleaf pine is 870 janka, meaning it takes 870 pounds of force to sink the steel ball half way into the wood. The higher the number, the harder the wood. The test was adopted by the American Society for Testing and Measurement in 1927 as ASTM D 143.

Hardness usually varies with the direction of the grain. If testing is done on the surface of a plank, with the force exerted perpendicular to the grain, the test is said to be of “side hardness.” This is the standard. End grain tests are unusual, but if done, the fact that it is an end hardness test must be stated in the results. End grain is usually more dent-resistant than side grain. Moisture content also affects the wood hardness. Wet wood is softer than dry wood. Test are usually conducted with a moisture content of 12%, typical of air-dried wood.

Janka Hardness of Selected Wood Species
Species Hardness
Balsa 100
Western Red Cedar 350
Douglas Fir 660
So. Yellow Pine (loblolly & short leaf) 690
So. Yellow Pine (longleaf) 870
Tamarack 886
Eastern Red Cedar 900
Paper Birch 910
True Teak (Tectona grandis) 1000
Black Walnut 1010
Red Oak (Northern) 1290
Ash 1320
White (Burr) Oak 1360
Cypress 1375
Hard (Rock) Maple 1450
Hickory/Pecan (All Varieties) 1820
Jarrah (Australian) 1910
Mesquite 2345
Bamboo (Woven Strand) 2850
Jarrah (Atlantic) 3190
Cumaru 3540
Ipe 3680
Lignumvitae 4500
Western Red Cedarwood Red cedar is stable, decay resistant wood very suitable for decks and porches. Both Eastern and Western Red Cedars weather well, and can be expected to last up to 15 years with proper care if unsealed, and for a lifetime if sealed and maintained. In Nebraska, however, we have more choices because of our locally harvested rot-resistant deck woods. The most common is Eastern Red Cedar ("ERC") (Juniperus virginiana), which is, interestingly enough, a juniper, and also a member of the Cypress family. (Obviously the Cypress has a large family.) It has all of the same insect and decay-resistant properties of WRC and looks and even smells like WRC. Eastern Red Cedar grows throughout the Eastern United States and most of the Midwest. In fact, it enjoys the widest geographic distribution of any American conifer. As a consequence it has so many known common names that we will not even bother to list them here. Nearly every region of the country has its own pet name for the Eastern Red Cedar.

You are probably most familiar with this Nebraska native as Aromatic Cedar used in closet linings - its primary commercial use. A lot of Nebraska's cedar is shipped back East to be turned into closet panels and aromatic chipboard, then shipped back to Nebraska to be sold in Home Depot, Lowes and Menards as closet lining. With grain that is a little more striking than that of WRC, the Eastern variety is also more aromatic — giving off that characteristic cedar smell that repels insect pests of all kinds. A deck made of any Red Cedar is a natural bug repellent, but ERC smells better longer than WRC.

ERC is also a harder, tougher wood. Western Red Cedar is a very soft wood (350 Janka) that works very easily, but also dents and mars easily. Eastern Red Cedar is much harder (900 Janka) and denser, and consequently much more resistant to the accidents of normal use.

Purple-red when first harvested, the Cedars after a very short exposure (one day or less in Summer) to sunlight fade to a pale brown. Over time the wood becomes an attractive silver gray. Fading may be halted at any time by merely sealing the deck with a UV-protecting sealer. This allows you to pick your deck color and preserve it when that color is reached in the natural fading process.

Cypress
Cypress Decking Cypress decking and railing. Cypress is probably the most rot-resistant native wood for decks, but it is not being managed well and is fast disappearing. North American Cypress (Taxodium distichum), can be found in wet, swampy areas along the East Coast from Delaware south to Florida and west along the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River Valley. It grows best in the swampy areas of Florida and the lower Mississippi river where it can reach heights of up to 145 feet. Common names for cypress include: Bald Cypress, Swamp Cypress, Southern Cypress, Red Cypress, Yellow Cypress, White Cypress, Tidewater Cypress, Gulf Cypress, Black Cypress, and Cow Cypress.

Cypress trees are one of two American deciduous conifers, meaning conifers (softwoods) that shed foliage in the fall, a characteristic normally found only in hardwoods. The other is Tamarack (see below). Although a softwood, it has traditionally been grouped with hardwoods. It is, in fact, graded as a hardwood by the National Hardwood Lumber Association.

Cypress is naturally rot and insect resistant - very rot resistant. Logs submerged for decades in swamp water are routinely raised and harvested for sound wood. The wood needs no chemical treatment or sealing to survive up to 100 years in a deck — far longer than the typical treated pine supporting structure will last. It is also very dent and wear resistant at 1375 Janka — harder than oak, and nearly as hard as rock maple.

Much of its rot resistance can be attributed to the fact that Cypresswood is especially water tight. It takes a long time to remove moisture from Cypress, but once dry it resists reabsorption with the same tenacity. The wood also contains cypressene, a natural resin that repels insects and prevents fungus and mildew, but is harmless to humans and pets.

Stable and not very prone to twisting or warping, cypress will weather to a nice splinterless gray appearance, holding its nails, screws and shape very nicely for dozens of years.

We discourage the use of Cypress because it is not by any conceivable measure a "green" material. We are quickly running out of it. The large, old trees that contain abundant cypressine are especially rare — and the massive destruction caused by hurricane Katrina did not help the situation at all. Nor does the fact that young trees are routinely cut down and ground up for mulch. Fortunately even fallen cypress trees submerged for many years can be raised and harvested for sound wood, a process that has extended the supply. But the current rate of harvest is absolutely not sustainable, and native Cypress is fast disappearing. Australian Cypress (Callitris glauca) is being imported to supplement the native supply.

Tamarack Tamarack Decking Tamarack is becoming a more important deck wood in places where Western Red Cedar is getting expensive. It is used mostly in the Northeast where it is abundant.
Known by various names including American Larch, Eastern Larch, Takmahak and Hackamatack; Tamarack (Larix laricina) is a hard (886 janka), extremely durable North American softwood native to Northern marshland forests - primarily along the Northeast coast and north to the Hudson Bay. There is also a disjunct Alaskan population. Its cousin, the Western Larch (Larix occidentalis), found only in the Northwest U.S. and Southwest Canada is also sometimes called Tamarack, causing a nice bit of confusion once in a while. To add to the fun, one subspecies (Murrayana) of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) is also commonly called the Tamarack Pine.

The Tamaracks are coniferous, but also deciduous — losing their needle-like leaves every Fall and regrowing them in the Spring. The only other conifer that does this is the Cypress (see above). Eastern Tamarack thrives in wetlands where it helps drain and dry out the soil so that trees like oak and pine that prefer firmer, drier habitats can get a foothold. Eventually these more aggressive newcomers drive out the Tamarack. The name "tamarack" supposedly comes from an Algonquin word, "akemantak", meaning "wood used for snowshoes." More commonly its historical use has been in water-edge structures such as wharfs and docks, and as ships' timbers.

Eastern Tamarack is very much the Cypress of the north. Its natural resistance to decay, rot, insect damage and salt makes it a excellent wood for long-life exterior decking. Similar in appearance to Western Red Cedar, it does not age quite as well, tending to look a little shabby after a few years.

In the Midwest it is virtually unknown. But on the East Coast, it is becoming a significant player as a replacement for Western Red Cedar. Expect its role to grow in the next few years as Cedar becomes scarcer and more expensive.

Other Native Nebraska Wood for Decks
Other native woods that are suitable for decking are Catalpa  and Honey Locust. There are, however, definitely premium woods. Very hard and difficult to harvest, they are quite a bit more expensive than Cedar — but also very beautiful and perfect for the premium Nebraska deck. (For more information on native Nebraska wood species, check out Guide to Nebraska Hardwoods for Cabinetmakers and Woodworkers.)

above ground pool deck,above ground pool deck designs,above ground pool deck plans,above ground pool decks,above ground swimming pool deck,accredited bbb business,accredited business,ACQ,Alkaline Copper Quaternary,aluminum deck railing,aluminum railing,American mahogany,arbor,arbor designs,arbors,arbors and pergolas,backyard deck,backyard decks,back yard decks,balusters,bbb accredited business,benches,best composite decking,best deck designs,better business bureau,better business bureau accredited business,boat decking,boat deck material,brazilian teak,brazilian walnut,build a deck,build a porch,build deck,building a deck,building a gazebo,building a pool deck,building a porch,building a wooden deck,building deck benches,building deck design,building deck porch,building deck railing,building deck railings,building decks,building deck stairs,building deck steps,building outdoor deck,building patio deck,building wood deck,build wood deck,build your own deck,built deck benches,buy composite decking,cable deck railing,cable railing,cable railings,Canoe Cedar,CBA,CCA,cedar deck,cedar decking,cedar deck planks,cedar decks,cedar pergola,cheap decking,choice decking,Chromium Copper Arsenate,cleaning wood decks,compare composite decking,comparison composite decking,composite,composite deck,composite deck boards,composite decking,composite decking boards,composite decking material,composite decking materials,composite decking prices,composite decking products,composite decking reviews,composite decking wood,composite deck lumber,composite deck material,composite deck materials,composite deck planks,composite deck railing,composite decks,composite deck screws,composite lumber,composite railing,composite wood deck,composite wood decking,composite wood decking prices,composite wood decks,composite wood planks,concrete deck,concrete pool decking,concrete pool decks,cool deck,Copper Azole,covered decks,creative deck designs,cruise ship deck plans,cumaru,custom built decks,custom deck,custom deck builders,custom deck construction,custom deck design,custom deck designs,custom decks,custom pool deck,cypress,deck,Deck,deck and patio,deck and patio designs,deck awning,deck balusters,deck bench,deck bench plan,deck bench plans,deck blueprints,deck boards,deck builder,deck builders,deck building,deck building code,deck building codes,deck building contractor,deck building cost,deck building designs,deck building plans,deck building software,deck care,deck coating,deck construction,deck construction cost,deck contractor,deck contractors,deck covers,deck design,deck designer,deck design free wood,deck design ideas,deck designing,deck design photos,deck design pool,deck design railing,deck designs,deck designs and prices,deck designs pictures,deck enclosures,deck fasteners,deck free plan,deck gallery,deck gazebo,deck handrail plans,deck ideas,decking,decking composite wood,decking construction,decking contractor,decking design,decking designs,decking ideas,decking lumber,decking material,decking materials,decking pattern,decking patterns,decking plans,decking prices,decking products,decking pvc,decking stain,decking supply,decking synthetic,decking wood,deck installation,deck joist cover,deck kits,deck lighting,deck lights,deck lumber,deck maintenance,deck material,deck material list,deck materials,deck pavers pool,deck pergola,deck pergolas,deck photos,deck pictures,deck plan,deck plans,deck plans designs,deck plan wood,deck porch,deck posts,deck protectors,deck rail,deck rail design,deck rail designs,deck railing,deck railing construction,deck railing design,deck railing designs,deck railing height,deck railing photos,deck railing plans,deck railings,deck rails,deck refinishing,decks,decks and patios,decks and porches,decks construction,deck screws,decks designs,deck sealer,deck software,decks pictures,deck stain,deck staining,deck stair plans,deck stair railing,deck stair railings,deck stairs,deck sunroom,decks USA,deck tiles,design a deck,design decks,designing decks,different deck designs,DIY deck building,dry deck,easy deck designs,enclosed patio,engineered wood decking,evergrain decking,fasteners deck,free deck building plans,free deck design,free deck designs,free deck plan,free deck plans,front porch designs,front porches,garden arbors,garden decking,garden gazebo,garden pergola,garden trellis,garden trellises,gazebo,gazebo builders,gazebo plans,gazebos,Geodeck,giant Arborvitae,Giant Red Cedar,glass deck railing,glass railing,glass railings,greenheart,green heart,handrail handrails,hand railing,hardwood decking,herringbone,hidden deck fastener,hidden deck fasteners,hilippine mahogany,home deck designs,home deck plans,hot tub deck,hot tub deck design,hot tub deck plans,hot tub decks,hot tub gazebo,house deck,house decks,how to build a deck railing,how to build a roof deck,how to build a wood deck,how to build a wooden deck,ipe,ipe deck,ipe decking,ipe decks,ipe wood decking,ironwood,janka,janka hardness,janka test,jarrah,jarrahwood,jatoba,lancaster county,licensed remodeler,light decks,lincoln NB,lincoln ne,lincoln elbow room,lincoln Nebraska,low maintenance deck,luan,mahogany,mahogany decking,massaranduba,Merantitamarak,metal deck,metal deck railing,metal railing,metal railings,modular decking,multi level decks,NARI,National Association of the Remodeling Industry,national kitchen and bath association,NB lincoln,NB Omaha,elbow room lincoln,elbow room Omaha,Nebraska,Nebraska lincoln,Nebraska Omaha,ne lincoln,ne Omaha,new deck,NKBA,Omaha NB,Omaha ne,Omaha elbow room,Omaha Nebraska,online deck design,outdoor deck,outdoor deck design,outdoor deck designs,outdoor decking,outdoor decks,outdoor railing,outdoor wooden decks,Pacific Red Cedar,patio cover,patio cover designs,patio cover plans,patio covers,patio deck,patio deck builder,patio deck construction,patio deck covers,patio deck design,patio deck designs,patio decking,patio deck plans,patio decks,patio pergola,patio pergolas,patios and decks,patios decks,pergola,pergola arbor,pergola building,pergola designs,pergola kits,pergolas,pictures of decks,pictures of wood decks,pictures of wooden deck railings,pine,plastic decking,plastic decks,plastic wood decking,pool deck,pool deck coatings,pool deck construction,pool deck design,pool deck designs,pool deck ideas,pool decking,pool deck paint,pool deck plan,pool deck plans,pool deck railings,pool decks,popular deck designs,porch columns,porch construction,porch contractor,porch decking material,porch decks,porch design,porch designs,porches,porch plans,porch post,porch posts,porch rail,porch railing,porch railings,porch rails,pressure treated,procell decking,purpleheart,purple heart,pvc decking,railing,railing design,railing designs,railings,railings deck,railings pvc,reclaimed decking,recycled wood decking,redwood,redwood deck,redwood decking,registered remodeler,roof deck,screened decks,screened gazebo,screened gazebo plans,screened porch designs,SE Nebraska,Shinglewood,simple deck designs,simple deck plan,simple deck plans,small deck designs,southeast Nebraska,spa decks,spl;it diagonal,storage,sunroom designs,swimming pool deck,swimming pool deck design,swimming pool deck designs,swimming pool decking,swimming pool decks,synthetic decking,synthetic decking comparison,synthetic teak,tables,teak,teck deck products,timber decking materials,timbertech,timbertech composite decking,timber tech decking,timbertech decking,timbertech decking material,timbertech decking price,timbertech railing,timbertech xlm decking,timbertech xlm problems,timbertek composite decking,tongue and groove decking,trek composite decking,trek decking,trellis,trex,Trex,trex composite deck,trex composite decking,trex deck,trex decking,trex decking material,trex decking prices,trex decks,tropical wood decking,under decking material,under deck systems,vinyl,vinyl deck,vinyl decking,vinyl deck railing,vinyl decks,vinyl pergola,vinyl porch posts,vinyl porch railing,vinyl railing,vinyl railings,waterproof decking,weatherbest composite decking,Western Arborvitae,western Red Cedar,wood arbors,wood deck,wood deck construction,wood deck contractors,wood deck design,wood deck designs,wood deck ideas,wood decking,wood decking companies,wood decking prices,wood decking systems,wood deck installation,wood deck maintenance,wood deck materials,wood deck patio,wood deck planks,wood deck plans,wood deck prices,wood deck railing,wood deck railing designs,wood deck railings,wood decks,wood deck stain,wooden arbors,wooden deck,wooden deck building,wooden deck designs,wooden decking systems,wooden deck plans,wooden deck railing designs,wooden deck railings,wooden decks,wooden deck stairs,wooden deck steps,wooden pool decks,wooden porch plans,wood patio covers,wood pool deck,wood pool deck plans,wood pool decks,wrap around porches,wrought iron railing